Vertical B: Advanced Renewable Energy Systems

The module offers an in-depth exploration of renewable energy systems, tracing the evolution of electric power infrastructure and the critical transition towards sustainable energy sources. Beginning with a historical context of electricity distribution, the lecture delves into the fundamental functions of power systems: generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization. It provides a nuanced examination of how countries like Spain, Germany, and Italy are navigating the complex challenges of integrating intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind with traditional power generation methods.

The module is structured across three key sub-modules: an introduction to renewable energy systems, photovoltaic power, and wind power. Each section offers detailed insights into technological advancements, from the intricate manufacturing processes of solar panels to the aerodynamic principles governing wind turbine design. The presentation critically analyzes the economic and technical implications of PV and wind power within the renewable energy technologies, highlighting the varying national approaches to electricity generation, with Spain leading at 56% renewable energy share, Germany at 55%, and Italy at 21%.

Particularly compelling are the discussions on grid stability, frequency regulation, and the need to balance generation and consumption in real-time. The lecture explores flexible technologies like hydroelectric pumping plants and gas turbines that help compensate for the variability of renewable energy sources. By examining specific technologies such as multi-junction solar cells with laboratory efficiencies up to 49% and the complexities of wind turbine generator technologies, the module provides a sophisticated understanding of the ongoing transformation towards more sustainable and renewable energy models.